#
# Copyright 2012 New Dream Network, LLC (DreamHost)
# Copyright 2013 IBM Corp.
# Copyright 2013 eNovance <licensing@enovance.com>
# Copyright Ericsson AB 2013. All rights reserved
# Copyright 2014 Hewlett-Packard Company
# Copyright 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
import datetime
import itertools
import json
import uuid
import croniter
from oslo_config import cfg
from oslo_log import log
from oslo_utils import netutils
from oslo_utils import timeutils
import pecan
from pecan import rest
import pytz
import six
from six.moves.urllib import parse as urlparse
from stevedore import extension
import wsme
from wsme import types as wtypes
import wsmeext.pecan as wsme_pecan
import aodh
from aodh.api.controllers.v2.alarm_rules import combination
from aodh.api.controllers.v2 import base
from aodh.api.controllers.v2 import utils as v2_utils
from aodh.api import rbac
from aodh.i18n import _, _LI, _LE
from aodh import keystone_client
from aodh import messaging
from aodh import notifier
from aodh.storage import models
LOG = log.getLogger(__name__)
ALARM_API_OPTS = [
cfg.IntOpt('user_alarm_quota',
deprecated_group='DEFAULT',
help='Maximum number of alarms defined for a user.'
),
cfg.IntOpt('project_alarm_quota',
deprecated_group='DEFAULT',
help='Maximum number of alarms defined for a project.'
),
cfg.IntOpt('alarm_max_actions',
default=-1,
deprecated_group='DEFAULT',
help='Maximum count of actions for each state of an alarm, '
'non-positive number means no limit.'),
]
state_kind = ["ok", "alarm", "insufficient data"]
state_kind_enum = wtypes.Enum(str, *state_kind)
severity_kind = ["low", "moderate", "critical"]
severity_kind_enum = wtypes.Enum(str, *severity_kind)
[docs]class OverQuota(base.ClientSideError):
def __init__(self, data):
d = {
'u': data.user_id,
'p': data.project_id
}
super(OverQuota, self).__init__(
_("Alarm quota exceeded for user %(u)s on project %(p)s") % d,
status_code=403)
def is_over_quota(conn, project_id, user_id):
"""Returns False if an alarm is within the set quotas, True otherwise.
:param conn: a backend connection object
:param project_id: the ID of the project setting the alarm
:param user_id: the ID of the user setting the alarm
"""
over_quota = False
# Start by checking for user quota
user_alarm_quota = pecan.request.cfg.api.user_alarm_quota
if user_alarm_quota is not None:
user_alarms = list(conn.get_alarms(user=user_id))
over_quota = len(user_alarms) >= user_alarm_quota
# If the user quota isn't reached, we check for the project quota
if not over_quota:
project_alarm_quota = pecan.request.cfg.api.project_alarm_quota
if project_alarm_quota is not None:
project_alarms = list(conn.get_alarms(project=project_id))
over_quota = len(project_alarms) >= project_alarm_quota
return over_quota
[docs]class CronType(wtypes.UserType):
"""A user type that represents a cron format."""
basetype = six.string_types
name = 'cron'
@staticmethod
[docs] def validate(value):
# raises ValueError if invalid
croniter.croniter(value)
return value
[docs]class AlarmTimeConstraint(base.Base):
"""Representation of a time constraint on an alarm."""
name = wsme.wsattr(wtypes.text, mandatory=True)
"The name of the constraint"
_description = None # provide a default
[docs] def get_description(self):
if not self._description:
return ('Time constraint at %s lasting for %s seconds'
% (self.start, self.duration))
return self._description
[docs] def set_description(self, value):
self._description = value
description = wsme.wsproperty(wtypes.text, get_description,
set_description)
"The description of the constraint"
start = wsme.wsattr(CronType(), mandatory=True)
"Start point of the time constraint, in cron format"
duration = wsme.wsattr(wtypes.IntegerType(minimum=0), mandatory=True)
"How long the constraint should last, in seconds"
timezone = wsme.wsattr(wtypes.text, default="")
"Timezone of the constraint"
[docs] def as_dict(self):
return self.as_dict_from_keys(['name', 'description', 'start',
'duration', 'timezone'])
@staticmethod
[docs] def validate(tc):
if tc.timezone:
try:
pytz.timezone(tc.timezone)
except Exception:
raise base.ClientSideError(_("Timezone %s is not valid")
% tc.timezone)
return tc
@classmethod
[docs] def sample(cls):
return cls(name='SampleConstraint',
description='nightly build every night at 23h for 3 hours',
start='0 23 * * *',
duration=10800,
timezone='Europe/Ljubljana')
ALARMS_RULES = extension.ExtensionManager("aodh.alarm.rule")
LOG.debug("alarm rules plugin loaded: %s" % ",".join(ALARMS_RULES.names()))
ACTIONS_SCHEMA = extension.ExtensionManager(
notifier.AlarmNotifierService.NOTIFIER_EXTENSIONS_NAMESPACE).names()
[docs]class Alarm(base.Base):
"""Representation of an alarm.
.. note::
combination_rule and threshold_rule are mutually exclusive. The *type*
of the alarm should be set to *threshold* or *combination* and the
appropriate rule should be filled.
"""
alarm_id = wtypes.text
"The UUID of the alarm"
name = wsme.wsattr(wtypes.text, mandatory=True)
"The name for the alarm"
_description = None # provide a default
[docs] def get_description(self):
rule = getattr(self, '%s_rule' % self.type, None)
if not self._description:
if hasattr(rule, 'default_description'):
return six.text_type(rule.default_description)
return "%s alarm rule" % self.type
return self._description
[docs] def set_description(self, value):
self._description = value
description = wsme.wsproperty(wtypes.text, get_description,
set_description)
"The description of the alarm"
enabled = wsme.wsattr(bool, default=True)
"This alarm is enabled?"
ok_actions = wsme.wsattr([wtypes.text], default=[])
"The actions to do when alarm state change to ok"
alarm_actions = wsme.wsattr([wtypes.text], default=[])
"The actions to do when alarm state change to alarm"
insufficient_data_actions = wsme.wsattr([wtypes.text], default=[])
"The actions to do when alarm state change to insufficient data"
repeat_actions = wsme.wsattr(bool, default=False)
"The actions should be re-triggered on each evaluation cycle"
type = base.AdvEnum('type', str, *ALARMS_RULES.names(),
mandatory=True)
"Explicit type specifier to select which rule to follow below."
time_constraints = wtypes.wsattr([AlarmTimeConstraint], default=[])
"""Describe time constraints for the alarm"""
# These settings are ignored in the PUT or POST operations, but are
# filled in for GET
project_id = wtypes.text
"The ID of the project or tenant that owns the alarm"
user_id = wtypes.text
"The ID of the user who created the alarm"
timestamp = datetime.datetime
"The date of the last alarm definition update"
state = base.AdvEnum('state', str, *state_kind,
default='insufficient data')
"The state offset the alarm"
state_timestamp = datetime.datetime
"The date of the last alarm state changed"
severity = base.AdvEnum('severity', str, *severity_kind,
default='low')
"The severity of the alarm"
def __init__(self, rule=None, time_constraints=None, **kwargs):
super(Alarm, self).__init__(**kwargs)
if rule:
setattr(self, '%s_rule' % self.type,
ALARMS_RULES[self.type].plugin(**rule))
if time_constraints:
self.time_constraints = [AlarmTimeConstraint(**tc)
for tc in time_constraints]
@staticmethod
[docs] def validate(alarm):
Alarm.check_rule(alarm)
Alarm.check_alarm_actions(alarm)
ALARMS_RULES[alarm.type].plugin.validate_alarm(alarm)
if alarm.time_constraints:
tc_names = [tc.name for tc in alarm.time_constraints]
if len(tc_names) > len(set(tc_names)):
error = _("Time constraint names must be "
"unique for a given alarm.")
raise base.ClientSideError(error)
return alarm
@staticmethod
[docs] def check_rule(alarm):
if (not pecan.request.cfg.api.enable_combination_alarms
and alarm.type == 'combination'):
raise base.ClientSideError("Unavailable alarm type")
rule = '%s_rule' % alarm.type
if getattr(alarm, rule) in (wtypes.Unset, None):
error = _("%(rule)s must be set for %(type)s"
" type alarm") % {"rule": rule, "type": alarm.type}
raise base.ClientSideError(error)
rule_set = None
for ext in ALARMS_RULES:
name = "%s_rule" % ext.name
if getattr(alarm, name):
if rule_set is None:
rule_set = name
else:
error = _("%(rule1)s and %(rule2)s cannot be set at the "
"same time") % {'rule1': rule_set, 'rule2': name}
raise base.ClientSideError(error)
@staticmethod
[docs] def check_alarm_actions(alarm):
max_actions = pecan.request.cfg.api.alarm_max_actions
for state in state_kind:
actions_name = state.replace(" ", "_") + '_actions'
actions = getattr(alarm, actions_name)
if not actions:
continue
action_set = set(actions)
if len(actions) != len(action_set):
LOG.info(_LI('duplicate actions are found: %s, '
'remove duplicate ones'), actions)
actions = list(action_set)
setattr(alarm, actions_name, actions)
if 0 < max_actions < len(actions):
error = _('%(name)s count exceeds maximum value '
'%(maximum)d') % {"name": actions_name,
"maximum": max_actions}
raise base.ClientSideError(error)
limited = rbac.get_limited_to_project(pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer)
for action in actions:
try:
url = netutils.urlsplit(action)
except Exception:
error = _("Unable to parse action %s") % action
raise base.ClientSideError(error)
if url.scheme not in ACTIONS_SCHEMA:
error = _("Unsupported action %s") % action
raise base.ClientSideError(error)
if limited and url.scheme in ('log', 'test'):
error = _('You are not authorized to create '
'action: %s') % action
raise base.ClientSideError(error, status_code=401)
@classmethod
[docs] def sample(cls):
return cls(alarm_id=None,
name="SwiftObjectAlarm",
description="An alarm",
type='combination',
time_constraints=[AlarmTimeConstraint.sample().as_dict()],
user_id="c96c887c216949acbdfbd8b494863567",
project_id="c96c887c216949acbdfbd8b494863567",
enabled=True,
timestamp=datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, 0),
state="ok",
severity="moderate",
state_timestamp=datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, 0),
ok_actions=["http://site:8000/ok"],
alarm_actions=["http://site:8000/alarm"],
insufficient_data_actions=["http://site:8000/nodata"],
repeat_actions=False,
combination_rule=combination.AlarmCombinationRule.sample(),
)
[docs] def as_dict(self, db_model):
d = super(Alarm, self).as_dict(db_model)
for k in d:
if k.endswith('_rule'):
del d[k]
rule = getattr(self, "%s_rule" % self.type)
d['rule'] = rule if isinstance(rule, dict) else rule.as_dict()
if self.time_constraints:
d['time_constraints'] = [tc.as_dict()
for tc in self.time_constraints]
return d
@staticmethod
def _is_trust_url(url):
return url.scheme in ('trust+http', 'trust+https')
[docs] def update_actions(self, old_alarm=None):
trustor_user_id = pecan.request.headers.get('X-User-Id')
trustor_project_id = pecan.request.headers.get('X-Project-Id')
roles = pecan.request.headers.get('X-Roles', '')
if roles:
roles = roles.split(',')
else:
roles = []
auth_plugin = pecan.request.environ.get('keystone.token_auth')
for actions in (self.ok_actions, self.alarm_actions,
self.insufficient_data_actions):
if actions is not None:
for index, action in enumerate(actions[:]):
url = netutils.urlsplit(action)
if self._is_trust_url(url):
if '@' not in url.netloc:
# We have a trust action without a trust ID,
# create it
trust_id = keystone_client.create_trust_id(
pecan.request.cfg,
trustor_user_id, trustor_project_id, roles,
auth_plugin)
netloc = '%s:delete@%s' % (trust_id, url.netloc)
url = list(url)
url[1] = netloc
actions[index] = urlparse.urlunsplit(url)
if old_alarm:
new_actions = list(itertools.chain(
self.ok_actions or [],
self.alarm_actions or [],
self.insufficient_data_actions or []))
for action in itertools.chain(
old_alarm.ok_actions or [],
old_alarm.alarm_actions or [],
old_alarm.insufficient_data_actions or []):
if action not in new_actions:
self.delete_trust(action)
[docs] def delete_actions(self):
for action in itertools.chain(self.ok_actions or [],
self.alarm_actions or [],
self.insufficient_data_actions or []):
self.delete_trust(action)
[docs] def delete_trust(self, action):
auth_plugin = pecan.request.environ.get('keystone.token_auth')
url = netutils.urlsplit(action)
if self._is_trust_url(url) and url.password:
keystone_client.delete_trust_id(url.username, auth_plugin)
Alarm.add_attributes(**{"%s_rule" % ext.name: ext.plugin
for ext in ALARMS_RULES})
[docs]class AlarmChange(base.Base):
"""Representation of an event in an alarm's history."""
event_id = wtypes.text
"The UUID of the change event"
alarm_id = wtypes.text
"The UUID of the alarm"
type = wtypes.Enum(str,
'creation',
'rule change',
'state transition',
'deletion')
"The type of change"
detail = wtypes.text
"JSON fragment describing change"
project_id = wtypes.text
"The project ID of the initiating identity"
user_id = wtypes.text
"The user ID of the initiating identity"
on_behalf_of = wtypes.text
"The tenant on behalf of which the change is being made"
timestamp = datetime.datetime
"The time/date of the alarm change"
@classmethod
[docs] def sample(cls):
return cls(alarm_id='e8ff32f772a44a478182c3fe1f7cad6a',
type='rule change',
detail='{"threshold": 42.0, "evaluation_periods": 4}',
user_id="3e5d11fda79448ac99ccefb20be187ca",
project_id="b6f16144010811e387e4de429e99ee8c",
on_behalf_of="92159030020611e3b26dde429e99ee8c",
timestamp=datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, 0),
)
def _send_notification(event, payload):
notification = event.replace(" ", "_")
notification = "alarm.%s" % notification
transport = messaging.get_transport(pecan.request.cfg)
notifier = messaging.get_notifier(transport, publisher_id="aodh.api")
# FIXME(sileht): perhaps we need to copy some infos from the
# pecan request headers like nova does
notifier.info({}, notification, payload)
def stringify_timestamps(data):
"""Stringify any datetimes in given dict."""
return dict((k, v.isoformat()
if isinstance(v, datetime.datetime) else v)
for (k, v) in six.iteritems(data))
[docs]class AlarmController(rest.RestController):
"""Manages operations on a single alarm."""
_custom_actions = {
'history': ['GET'],
'state': ['PUT', 'GET'],
}
def __init__(self, alarm_id):
pecan.request.context['alarm_id'] = alarm_id
self._id = alarm_id
def _enforce_rbac(self, rbac_directive):
# TODO(sileht): We should be able to relax this since we
# pass the alarm object to the enforcer.
auth_project = rbac.get_limited_to_project(pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer)
alarms = list(pecan.request.storage.get_alarms(alarm_id=self._id,
project=auth_project))
if not alarms:
raise base.AlarmNotFound(alarm=self._id, auth_project=auth_project)
alarm = alarms[0]
target = {'user_id': alarm.user_id,
'project_id': alarm.project_id}
rbac.enforce(rbac_directive, pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer, target)
return alarm
def _record_change(self, data, now, on_behalf_of=None, type=None):
if not pecan.request.cfg.record_history:
return
if not data:
return
type = type or models.AlarmChange.RULE_CHANGE
scrubbed_data = stringify_timestamps(data)
detail = json.dumps(scrubbed_data)
user_id = pecan.request.headers.get('X-User-Id')
project_id = pecan.request.headers.get('X-Project-Id')
on_behalf_of = on_behalf_of or project_id
severity = scrubbed_data.get('severity')
payload = dict(event_id=str(uuid.uuid4()),
alarm_id=self._id,
type=type,
detail=detail,
user_id=user_id,
project_id=project_id,
on_behalf_of=on_behalf_of,
timestamp=now,
severity=severity)
try:
pecan.request.storage.record_alarm_change(payload)
except aodh.NotImplementedError:
pass
# Revert to the pre-json'ed details ...
payload['detail'] = scrubbed_data
_send_notification(type, payload)
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose(Alarm)
[docs] def get(self):
"""Return this alarm."""
return Alarm.from_db_model(self._enforce_rbac('get_alarm'))
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose(Alarm, body=Alarm)
[docs] def put(self, data):
"""Modify this alarm.
:param data: an alarm within the request body.
"""
# Ensure alarm exists
alarm_in = self._enforce_rbac('change_alarm')
now = timeutils.utcnow()
data.alarm_id = self._id
user, project = rbac.get_limited_to(pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer)
if user:
data.user_id = user
elif data.user_id == wtypes.Unset:
data.user_id = alarm_in.user_id
if project:
data.project_id = project
elif data.project_id == wtypes.Unset:
data.project_id = alarm_in.project_id
data.timestamp = now
if alarm_in.state != data.state:
data.state_timestamp = now
else:
data.state_timestamp = alarm_in.state_timestamp
ALARMS_RULES[data.type].plugin.update_hook(data)
old_data = Alarm.from_db_model(alarm_in)
old_alarm = old_data.as_dict(models.Alarm)
data.update_actions(old_data)
updated_alarm = data.as_dict(models.Alarm)
try:
alarm_in = models.Alarm(**updated_alarm)
except Exception:
LOG.exception(_LE("Error while putting alarm: %s"), updated_alarm)
raise base.ClientSideError(_("Alarm incorrect"))
alarm = pecan.request.storage.update_alarm(alarm_in)
change = dict((k, v) for k, v in updated_alarm.items()
if v != old_alarm[k] and k not in
['timestamp', 'state_timestamp'])
self._record_change(change, now, on_behalf_of=alarm.project_id)
return Alarm.from_db_model(alarm)
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose(None, status_code=204)
[docs] def delete(self):
"""Delete this alarm."""
# ensure alarm exists before deleting
alarm = self._enforce_rbac('delete_alarm')
pecan.request.storage.delete_alarm(alarm.alarm_id)
alarm_object = Alarm.from_db_model(alarm)
alarm_object.delete_actions()
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose([AlarmChange], [base.Query], [str], int, str)
[docs] def history(self, q=None, sort=None, limit=None, marker=None):
"""Assembles the alarm history requested.
:param q: Filter rules for the changes to be described.
:param sort: A list of pairs of sort key and sort dir.
:param limit: The maximum number of items to be return.
:param marker: The pagination query marker.
"""
# Ensure alarm exists
self._enforce_rbac('alarm_history')
q = q or []
# allow history to be returned for deleted alarms, but scope changes
# returned to those carried out on behalf of the auth'd tenant, to
# avoid inappropriate cross-tenant visibility of alarm history
auth_project = rbac.get_limited_to_project(pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer)
conn = pecan.request.storage
kwargs = v2_utils.query_to_kwargs(
q, conn.get_alarm_changes, ['on_behalf_of', 'alarm_id'])
if sort or limit or marker:
kwargs['pagination'] = v2_utils.get_pagination_options(
sort, limit, marker, models.AlarmChange)
return [AlarmChange.from_db_model(ac)
for ac in conn.get_alarm_changes(self._id, auth_project,
**kwargs)]
@wsme.validate(state_kind_enum)
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose(state_kind_enum, body=state_kind_enum)
[docs] def put_state(self, state):
"""Set the state of this alarm.
:param state: an alarm state within the request body.
"""
alarm = self._enforce_rbac('change_alarm_state')
# note(sileht): body are not validated by wsme
# Workaround for https://bugs.launchpad.net/wsme/+bug/1227229
if state not in state_kind:
raise base.ClientSideError(_("state invalid"))
now = timeutils.utcnow()
alarm.state = state
alarm.state_timestamp = now
alarm = pecan.request.storage.update_alarm(alarm)
change = {'state': alarm.state}
self._record_change(change, now, on_behalf_of=alarm.project_id,
type=models.AlarmChange.STATE_TRANSITION)
return alarm.state
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose(state_kind_enum)
[docs] def get_state(self):
"""Get the state of this alarm."""
return self._enforce_rbac('get_alarm_state').state
[docs]class AlarmsController(rest.RestController):
"""Manages operations on the alarms collection."""
@pecan.expose()
def _lookup(self, alarm_id, *remainder):
return AlarmController(alarm_id), remainder
@staticmethod
def _record_creation(conn, data, alarm_id, now):
if not pecan.request.cfg.record_history:
return
type = models.AlarmChange.CREATION
scrubbed_data = stringify_timestamps(data)
detail = json.dumps(scrubbed_data)
user_id = pecan.request.headers.get('X-User-Id')
project_id = pecan.request.headers.get('X-Project-Id')
severity = scrubbed_data.get('severity')
payload = dict(event_id=str(uuid.uuid4()),
alarm_id=alarm_id,
type=type,
detail=detail,
user_id=user_id,
project_id=project_id,
on_behalf_of=project_id,
timestamp=now,
severity=severity)
try:
conn.record_alarm_change(payload)
except aodh.NotImplementedError:
pass
# Revert to the pre-json'ed details ...
payload['detail'] = scrubbed_data
_send_notification(type, payload)
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose(Alarm, body=Alarm, status_code=201)
[docs] def post(self, data):
"""Create a new alarm.
:param data: an alarm within the request body.
"""
rbac.enforce('create_alarm', pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer, {})
conn = pecan.request.storage
now = timeutils.utcnow()
data.alarm_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
user_limit, project_limit = rbac.get_limited_to(pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer)
def _set_ownership(aspect, owner_limitation, header):
attr = '%s_id' % aspect
requested_owner = getattr(data, attr)
explicit_owner = requested_owner != wtypes.Unset
caller = pecan.request.headers.get(header)
if (owner_limitation and explicit_owner
and requested_owner != caller):
raise base.ProjectNotAuthorized(requested_owner, aspect)
actual_owner = (owner_limitation or
requested_owner if explicit_owner else caller)
setattr(data, attr, actual_owner)
_set_ownership('user', user_limit, 'X-User-Id')
_set_ownership('project', project_limit, 'X-Project-Id')
# Check if there's room for one more alarm
if is_over_quota(conn, data.project_id, data.user_id):
raise OverQuota(data)
data.timestamp = now
data.state_timestamp = now
ALARMS_RULES[data.type].plugin.create_hook(data)
change = data.as_dict(models.Alarm)
data.update_actions()
try:
alarm_in = models.Alarm(**change)
except Exception:
LOG.exception(_LE("Error while posting alarm: %s"), change)
raise base.ClientSideError(_("Alarm incorrect"))
alarm = conn.create_alarm(alarm_in)
self._record_creation(conn, change, alarm.alarm_id, now)
v2_utils.set_resp_location_hdr("/v2/alarms/" + alarm.alarm_id)
return Alarm.from_db_model(alarm)
@wsme_pecan.wsexpose([Alarm], [base.Query], [str], int, str)
[docs] def get_all(self, q=None, sort=None, limit=None, marker=None):
"""Return all alarms, based on the query provided.
:param q: Filter rules for the alarms to be returned.
:param sort: A list of pairs of sort key and sort dir.
:param limit: The maximum number of items to be return.
:param marker: The pagination query marker.
"""
target = rbac.target_from_segregation_rule(
pecan.request.headers, pecan.request.enforcer)
rbac.enforce('get_alarms', pecan.request.headers,
pecan.request.enforcer, target)
q = q or []
# Timestamp is not supported field for Simple Alarm queries
kwargs = v2_utils.query_to_kwargs(
q, pecan.request.storage.get_alarms,
allow_timestamps=False)
if sort or limit or marker:
kwargs['pagination'] = v2_utils.get_pagination_options(
sort, limit, marker, models.Alarm)
return [Alarm.from_db_model(m)
for m in pecan.request.storage.get_alarms(**kwargs)]