Networking for Nested Containers in OpenStack / Magnum - Neutron Integration¶
Launchpad blueprint:
https://blueprints.launchpad.net/kuryr/+spec/containers-in-instances
This blueprint proposes how to integrate Magnum with Neutron based networking and how the problem of networking for nested containers can be solved.
Problem Description¶
Magnum (containers-as-a-service for OpenStack) provisions containers inside Nova instances and those instances use standard Neutron networking. These containers are referred to as nested containers. Currently, there is no integration between Magnum resources and Neutron and the nested containers are served networking outside of that provided by OpenStack (Neutron) today.
Definitions¶
- COE
- Container Orchestration Engine
- Bay
- A Magnum resource that includes at least one host to run containers on, and a COE to manage containers created on hosts within the bay.
- Baymodel
- An object that stores template information about the bay which is used to create new bays consistently.
- Pod
- Is the smallest deployable unit that can be created, scheduled, and managed within Kubernetes.
- deviceowner (in Neutron ports)
- device_owner is an attribute which is used internally by Neutron. It identifies the service which manages the port. For example router interface, router gateway will have their respective device owners entries. Similarly, Neutron ports attached to Nova instances have device_owner as compute.
Requirements¶
Following are the requirements of Magnum around networking:
- Provide networking capabilities to containers running in Nova instances.
- Magnum uses Heat to orchestrate multi-tenant application container environments. Heat uses user-data scripts underneath. Therefore, Kuryr must have the ability to be deployed/orchestrated using Heat via the scripts.
- Current Magnum container networking implementations such as Flannel, provide networking connectivity to containers that reside across multiple Nova instances. Kuryr must provide multi-instance container networking capabilities. The existing networking capabilities like Flannel that Magnum uses will remain and Kuryr to be introduced in parallel. Decision on default is for later and default may vary based on the type of Magnum Bay. Magnum currently supports three types of Bays: Swarm, Kubernetes, and Mesos. They are referred to as COEs (Container Orchestration Engine).
- Kuryr must provide a simple user experience like “batteries included but replaceable” philosophy. Magnum must have the ability to deploy Kuryr without any user intervention, but allow more advanced users to modify Kuryr’s default settings as needed.
- If something needs to be installed in the Nova VMs used by Magnum, it needs to be installed in the VMs in a secure manner.
- Communication between Kuryr and other services must be secure. For example, if there is a Kuryr agent running inside the Nova instances, the communication between Kuryr components (Kuryr, Kuryr Agent), Neutron-Kuryr, Magnum-Kuryr should all be secure.
- Magnum Bays (Swarm, Kubernetes, etc..) must work the same or better than they do with existing network providers such as Flannel.
- Kuryr must scale just as well, if not better, than existing container networking providers.
Use cases¶
- Any container within a nova instance (VM, baremetal, container) may communicate with any other nova instance (VM, baremetal, container), or container therein, regardless if the containers are on the same nova instance, same host, or different hosts within the same Magnum bay. Such containers shall be able to communicate with any OpenStack cloud resource in the same Neutron network as the Magnum bay nodes, including (but not limited to) Load Balancers, Databases, and other Nova instances.
- Any container should be able to have access to any Neutron resource and it’s capabilities. Neutron resources include DHCP, router, floating IPs etc.
Proposed Change¶
The proposal is to leverage the concept of VLAN aware VMs/Trunk Ports [2], that would be able to discriminate the traffic coming from VM by using VLAN tags. The trunk port would get attached to a VM and be capable of receiving both untagged and tagged traffic. Each VLAN would be represented by a sub port (Neutron ports). A subport must have a network attached. Each subport will have an additional parameter of VID. VID can be of different types and VLAN is one of the options.
Each VM running containers by Magnum would need to have a Kuryr container agent [3]. Kuryr container agent would be like a CNI/CNM plugin, capable of assigning IPs to the container interfaces and tagging with VLAN IDs. Magnum baymodel resource can be passed along information for network type and kuryr will serve Neutron networking. Based on the baymodel, Magnum can provision necessary services inside the Nova instance using Heat templates and the scripts Heat uses. The Kuryr container agent would be responsible for providing networking to the nested containers by tagging each container interface with a VLAN ID. Kuryr container agent [3] would be agnostic of COE type and will have different modes based on the COE. First implementation would support Swarm and the corresponding container network model via libnetwork.
There are two mechanisms in which nested containers will be served networking via Kuryr:
- When user interacts with Magnum APIs to provision containers.
- Magnum allows end-users to access native COE APIs. It means end-users can alternatively create containers using docker CLI etc. If the end-users interact with the native APIs, they should be able to get the same functionality that is available via Magnum interfaces/orchestration. COEs use underlying container runtimes tools so this option is also applicable for non-COE APIs as well.
For the case, where user interacts with Magnum APIs, Magnum would need to integrate a ‘network’ option in the container API to choose Neutron networks for containers. This option will be applicable for baymodels running kuryr type networking. For each container launched, Magnum would pick up a network, and talk to the COE to provision the container(s), Kuryr agent would be running inside the Nova instance as a driver/plugin to COE networking model and based on the network UUID/name, Kuryr agent will create a subport on parent trunk port, where Nova instance is attached to, Kuryr will allocate a VLAN ID and subport creation be invoked in Neutron and that will allocate the IP address. Based on the information returned, Kuryr agent will assign IP to the container/pod and assign a VLAN, which would match VLAN in the subport metadata. Once the sub-port is provisioned, it will have an IP address and a VLAN ID allocated by Neutron and Kuryr respectively.
For the case, where native COE APIs are used, user would be required to specify information about Kuryr driver and Neutron networks when launching containers. Kuryr agent will take care of providing networking to the containers in exactly the same fashion as it would when Magnum talks to the COEs.
Now, all the traffic coming from the containers inside the VMs would be tagged and backend implementation of how those containers communicate will follow a generic onboarding mechanism. Neutron supports several plugins and each plugin uses some backend technology. The plugins would be responsible for implementing VLAN aware VMs Neutron extension and onboard the container based on tenant UUID, trunk port ID, VLAN ID, network UUID and sub-port UUID. Subports will have deviceowner=kuryr. At this point, a plugin can onboard the container using unique classification per tenant to the relevant Neutron network and nested container would be onboarded onto Neutron networks and will be capable of passing packets. The plugins/onboarding engines would be responsible for tagging the packets with the correct VLAN ID on their way back to the containers.
Integration Components¶
Kuryr:
Kuryr and Kuryr Agent will be responsible for providing the networking inside the Nova instances. Kuryr is the main service/utility running on the controller node and capabilities like segmentation ID allocation will be performed there. Kuryr agent will be like a CNI/CNM plugin, capable of allocating IPs and VLANs to container interfaces. Kuryr agent will be a helper running inside the Nova instances that can communicate with Neutron endpoint and Kuryr server. This will require availability of credentials inside the Bay that Kuryr can use to communicate. There is a security impact of storing credentials and it is discussed in the Security Impact section of this document.
More details on the Kuryr Agent can be found here [3].
Neutron:
vlan-aware-vms and notion of trunk port, sub-ports from Neutron will be used in this design. Neutron will be responsible for all the backend networking that Kuryr will expose via its mechanisms.
Magnum:
Magnum will be responsible for launching containers on specified/pre-provisioned networks, using Heat to provisioning Kuryr components inside Nova instances and passing along network information to the COEs, which can invoke their networking part.
Heat:
Heat templates use use-data scripts to launch tools for containers that Magnum relies on. The scripts will be updated to handle Kuryr. We should not expect to run scripts each time a container is started. More details can be found here [4].
Example of model:
+-------------------------------+ +-------------------------------+
| +---------+ +---------+ | | +---------+ +---------+ |
| | c1 | | c2 | | | | c3 | | c4 | |
| +---------+ +---------+ | | +---------+ +---------+ |
| | | |
| VM1 | | VM2 |
| | | |
| | | |
+---------+------------+--------+ +---------+------------+--------+
|Trunk Port1 | |Trunk Port2 |
+------------+ +------------+
/|\ /|\
/ | \ / | \
/ | \ / | \
+--+ +-++ +--+ +--+ +-++ +--+
|S1| |S2| |S3| |S4| |S5| |S6|
+-++ +--+ +-++ +--+ +-++ +-++
| | | | |
| | | +---+ | |
| | +---+N1+ +-+N2+-----------+
| | | | | |
+-------------+ | | |
| | | |
+ ++ x x +-+ +
N3+--------+x x+-----------+N4
x x
x Router x
x x
x x
C1-4 = Magnum containers
N1-4 = Neutron Networks and Subnets
S1,S3,S4,S6 = Subports
S2,S5 = Trunk ports (untagged traffic)
In the example above, Magnum launches four containers (c1, c2, c3, c4) spread across two Nova instances. There are four Neutron networks(N1, N2, N3, N4) in the deployment and all of them are connected to a router. Both the Nova instances (VM1 and VM2) have one NIC each and a corresponding trunk port. Each trunk port has three sub-ports: S1, S2, S3 and S4, S5, S6 for VM1 and VM2 respectively. The untagged traffic goes to S2 and S5 and tagged to S1, S3, S4 and S6. On the tagged sub-ports, the tags will be stripped and packets will be sent to the respective Neutron networks.
On the way back, the reverse would be applied and each sub-port to VLAN mapping be checked using something like following and packets will be tagged:
| Port | Tagged(VID)/untagged | Packets go to |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | 100 | N1 |
| S2 | untagged | N3 |
| S3 | 200 | N1 |
| S4 | 100 | N2 |
| S5 | untagged | N4 |
| S6 | 300 | N2 |
One thing to note over here is S1.vlan == S4.vlan is a valid scenario since they are part of different trunk ports. It is possible that some implementations do not use VLAN IDs, the VID can be something other than VLAN ID. The fields in the sub-port can be treated as key value pairs and corresponding support can be extended in the Kuryr agent if there is a need.
Example of commands:
magnum baymodel-create --name <name> \
--image-id <image> \
--keypair-id <kp> \
--external-network-id <net-id> \
--dns-nameserver <dns> \
--flavor-id <flavor-id> \
--docker-volume-size <vol-size> \
--coe <coe-type> \
--network-driver kuryr
neutron port-create --name S1 N1 \
--device-owner kuryr
neutron port-create --name S2 N3
# trunk-create may refer to 0, 1 or more subport(s).
$ neutron trunk-create --port-id PORT \
[--subport PORT[,SEGMENTATION-TYPE,SEGMENTATION-ID]] \
[--subport ...]
Note: All ports referred must exist.
# trunk-add-subport adds 1 or more subport(s)
$ neutron trunk-subport-add TRUNK \
PORT[,SEGMENTATION-TYPE,SEGMENTATION-ID] \
[PORT,...]
magnum container-create --name <name> \
--image <image> \
--bay <bay> \
--command <command> \
--memory <memory> \
--network network_id
Magnum changes¶
Magnum will launch containers on Neutron networks. Magnum will provision the Kuryr Agent inside the Nova instances via Heat templates.
Alternatives¶
None
Data Model Impact (Magnum)¶
This document adds the network_id attribute to the container database table. A migration script will be provided to support the attribute being added.
| Attribute | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| network_id | uuid | UUID of a Neutron network |
REST API Impact (Magnum)¶
This document adds network_id attribute to the Container API class.
| Attribute | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| network_id | uuid | UUID of a Neutron network |
Security Impact¶
Kuryr Agent running inside Nova instances will communicate with OpenStack APIs. For this to happen, credentials will have to be stored inside Nova instances hosting Bays.
This arrangement poses a security threat that credentials might be compromised and there could be ways malicious containers could get access to credentials or Kuryr Agent. To mitigate the impact, there are multiple options:
- Run Kuryr Agent in two modes: primary and secondary. Only primary mode has access to the credentials and talks to Neutron and fetches information about available resources like IPs, VLANs. Secondary mode has no information about credentials and performs operations based on information coming in the input like IP, VLAN etc. Primary mode can be tied to the Kubernetes, Mesos master nodes. In this option, containers will be running on nodes other than the ones that talk to OpenStack APIs.
- Containerize the Kuryr Agent to offer isolation from other containers.
- Instead of storing credentials in text files, use some sort of binaries and make them part of the container running Kuryr Agent.
- Have an Admin provisioned Nova instance that carries the credentials and has connectivity to the tenant Bays. The credentials are accessible only to the Kuryr agent via certain port that is allowed through security group rules and secret key. In this option, operations like VM snapshot in tenant domains will not lead to stolen credentials.
- Introduce Keystone authentication mechanism for Kuryr Agent. In case of a compromise, this option will limit the damage to the scope of permissions/roles the Kuryr Agent will have.
- Use HTTPS for communication with OpenStack APIs.
- Introduce a mechanism/tool to detect if a host is compromised and take action to stop any further damage.
Notifications Impact¶
None
Other End User Impact¶
None
Performance Impact¶
For containers inside the same VM to communicate with each other, the packets will have to step outside the VMs and come back in.
IPv6 Impact¶
None
Other Deployer Impact¶
None
Developer Impact¶
Extended attributes in Magnum container API to be used.
Introduction of Kuryr Agent.
Requires the testing framework changes.
Community Impact¶
The changes bring significant improvement in the container networking approach by using Neutron as a backend via Kuryr.
Implementation¶
Assignee(s)¶
Fawad Khaliq (fawadkhaliq) Vikas Choudhary (vikasc)
Work Items¶
Magnum:
- Extend the Magnum API to support new network attribute.
- Extend the Client API to support new network attribute.
- Extend baymodel objects to support new container attributes. Provide a database migration script for adding the attribute.
- Extend unit and functional tests to support new port attribute in Magnum.
Heat:
- Update Heat templates to support the Magnum container port information.
Kuryr:
- Kuryr container agent.
- Kuryr VLAN/VID allocation engine.
- Extend unit test cases in Kuryr for the agent and VLAN/VID allocation engine.
- Other tempest tests.
- Other scenario tests.
Dependencies¶
VLAN aware VMs [2] implementation in Neutron
Testing¶
Tempest and functional tests will be created.
Documentation Impact¶
Documentation will have to updated to take care of the Magnum container API changes and use the Kuryr network driver.
User Documentation¶
Magnum and Kuryr user guides will be updated.
Developer Documentation¶
The Magnum and Kuryr developer quickstart documents will be updated to include the nested container use case and the corresponding details.