Building An Image¶
Now that you have diskimage-builder properly installed you can get started by building your first disk image.
VM Image¶
Our first image is going to be a bootable vm image using one of the standard supported distribution elements (Ubuntu or Fedora).
The following command will start our image build (distro must be either ‘ubuntu’ or ‘fedora’):
disk-image-create <distro> vm
This will create a qcow2 file ‘image.qcow2’ which can then be booted.
Elements¶
It is important to note that we are passing in a list of elements to disk-image-create in our above command. Elements are how we decide what goes into our image and what modifications will be performed.
Some elements provide a root filesystem, such as the ubuntu or fedora element in our example above, which other elements modify to create our image. At least one of these ‘distro elements’ must be specified when performing an image build. It’s worth pointing out that there are many distro elements (you can even create your own), and even multiples for some of the distros. This is because there are often multiple ways to install a distro which are very different. For example: One distro element might use a cloud image while another uses a package installation tool to build a root filesystem for the same distro.
Other elements modify our image in some way. The ‘vm’ element in our example above ensures that our image has a bootloader properly installed. This is only needed for certain use cases and certain output formats and therefore it is not performed by default.
Output Formats¶
By default a qcow2 image is created by the disk-image-create command. Other output formats may be specified using the -t <format> argument. Multiple output formats can also be specified by comma separation. The supported output formats are:
- qcow2
- tar
- vhd
- docker
- raw
Filesystem Caveat¶
By default, disk-image-create uses a 4k byte-to-inode ratio when
creating the filesystem in the image. This allows large ‘whole-system’
images to utilize several TB disks without exhausting inodes. In
contrast, when creating images intended for tenant instances, this
ratio consumes more disk space than an end-user would expect (e.g. a
50GB root disk has 47GB avail.). If the image is intended to run
within a tens to hundrededs of gigabyte disk, setting the
byte-to-inode ratio to the ext4 default of 16k will allow for more
usable space on the instance. The default can be overridden by passing
--mkfs-options like this:
disk-image-create --mkfs-options '-i 16384' <distro> vm
You can also select a different filesystem by setting the FS_TYPE
environment variable.
Note --mkfs-options are options passed to the mfks driver,
rather than mkfs itself (i.e. after the initial -t argument).
Speedups¶
If you have 4GB of available physical RAM (as reported by /proc/meminfo MemTotal), or more, diskimage-builder will create a tmpfs mount to build the image in. This will improve image build time by building it in RAM. By default, the tmpfs file system uses 50% of the available RAM. Therefore, the RAM should be at least the double of the minimum tmpfs size required. For larger images, when no sufficient amount of RAM is available, tmpfs can be disabled completely by passing –no-tmpfs to disk-image-create. ramdisk-image-create builds a regular image and then within that image creates ramdisk. If tmpfs is not used, you will need enough room in /tmp to store two uncompressed cloud images. If tmpfs is used, you would still need /tmp space for one uncompressed cloud image and about 20% of that image for working files.