Images and instances

Virtual machine images contain a virtual disk that holds a bootable operating system on it. Disk images provide templates for virtual machine file systems. The Image service controls image storage and management.

Instances are the individual virtual machines that run on physical compute nodes inside the cloud. Users can launch any number of instances from the same image. Each launched instance runs from a copy of the base image. Any changes made to the instance do not affect the base image. Snapshots capture the state of an instances running disk. Users can create a snapshot, and build a new image based on these snapshots. The Compute service controls instance, image, and snapshot storage and management.

When you launch an instance, you must choose a flavor, which represents a set of virtual resources. Flavors define virtual CPU number, RAM amount available, and ephemeral disks size. Users must select from the set of available flavors defined on their cloud. OpenStack provides a number of predefined flavors that you can edit or add to.

Note

• For more information about creating and troubleshooting images, see the OpenStack Virtual Machine Image Guide.

• For more information about image configuration options, see the Image services section of the OpenStack Configuration Reference.

You can add and remove additional resources from running instances, such as persistent volume storage, or public IP addresses. The example used in this chapter is of a typical virtual system within an OpenStack cloud. It uses the cinder-volume service, which provides persistent block storage, instead of the ephemeral storage provided by the selected instance flavor.

This diagram shows the system state prior to launching an instance. The image store has a number of predefined images, supported by the Image service. Inside the cloud, a compute node contains the available vCPU, memory, and local disk resources. Additionally, the cinder-volume service stores predefined volumes.

The base image state with no running instances

Instance Launch

To launch an instance, select an image, flavor, and any optional attributes. The selected flavor provides a root volume, labeled vda in this diagram, and additional ephemeral storage, labeled vdb. In this example, the cinder-volume store is mapped to the third virtual disk on this instance, vdc.

Instance creation from an image

The Image service copies the base image from the image store to the local disk. The local disk is the first disk that the instance accesses, which is the root volume labeled vda. Smaller instances start faster. Less data needs to be copied across the network.

The new empty ephemeral disk is also created, labeled vdb. This disk is deleted when you delete the instance.

The compute node connects to the attached cinder-volume using iSCSI. The cinder-volume is mapped to the third disk, labeled vdc in this diagram. After the compute node provisions the vCPU and memory resources, the instance boots up from root volume vda. The instance runs and changes data on the disks (highlighted in red on the diagram). If the volume store is located on a separate network, the my_block_storage_ip option specified in the storage node configuration file directs image traffic to the compute node.

Note

Some details in this example scenario might be different in your environment. For example, you might use a different type of back-end storage, or different network protocols. One common variant is that the ephemeral storage used for volumes vda and vdb could be backed by network storage rather than a local disk.

When you delete an instance, the state is reclaimed with the exception of the persistent volume. The ephemeral storage, whether encrypted or not, is purged. Memory and vCPU resources are released. The image remains unchanged throughout this process.

The end state of an image and volume after the instance exits

Image properties and property protection

An image property is a key and value pair that the administrator or the image owner attaches to an OpenStack Image service image, as follows:

• The administrator defines core properties, such as the image name.

• The administrator and the image owner can define additional properties, such as licensing and billing information.

The administrator can configure any property as protected, which limits which policies or user roles can perform CRUD operations on that property. Protected properties are generally additional properties to which only administrators have access.

For unprotected image properties, the administrator can manage core properties and the image owner can manage additional properties.

To configure property protection

To configure property protection, edit the policy.json file. This file can also be used to set policies for Image service actions.

1. Define roles or policies in the policy.json file:

   {
       "context_is_admin":  "role:admin",
       "default": "",
   
       "add_image": "",
       "delete_image": "",
       "get_image": "",
       "get_images": "",
       "modify_image": "",
       "publicize_image": "role:admin",
       "copy_from": "",
   
       "download_image": "",
       "upload_image": "",
   
       "delete_image_location": "",
       "get_image_location": "",
       "set_image_location": "",
   
       "add_member": "",
       "delete_member": "",
       "get_member": "",
       "get_members": "",
       "modify_member": "",
   
       "manage_image_cache": "role:admin",
   
       "get_task": "",
       "get_tasks": "",
       "add_task": "",
       "modify_task": "",
   
       "deactivate": "",
       "reactivate": "",
   
       "get_metadef_namespace": "",
       "get_metadef_namespaces":"",
       "modify_metadef_namespace":"",
       "add_metadef_namespace":"",
       "delete_metadef_namespace":"",
   
       "get_metadef_object":"",
       "get_metadef_objects":"",
       "modify_metadef_object":"",
       "add_metadef_object":"",
   
       "list_metadef_resource_types":"",
       "get_metadef_resource_type":"",
       "add_metadef_resource_type_association":"",
   
       "get_metadef_property":"",
       "get_metadef_properties":"",
       "modify_metadef_property":"",
       "add_metadef_property":"",
   
       "get_metadef_tag":"",
       "get_metadef_tags":"",
       "modify_metadef_tag":"",
       "add_metadef_tag":"",
       "add_metadef_tags":""
    }
   

   For each parameter, use "rule:restricted" to restrict access to all users or "role:admin" to limit access to administrator roles. For example:

   {
       "download_image":
       "upload_image":
   }
   

2. Define which roles or policies can manage which properties in a property protections configuration file. For example:

   [x_none_read]
   create = context_is_admin
   read = !
   update = !
   delete = !
   
   [x_none_update]
   create = context_is_admin
   read = context_is_admin
   update = !
   delete = context_is_admin
   
   [x_none_delete]
   create = context_is_admin
   read = context_is_admin
   update = context_is_admin
   delete = !
   

   • A value of @ allows the corresponding operation for a property.

   • A value of ! disallows the corresponding operation for a property.

3. In the glance-api.conf file, define the location of a property protections configuration file.

   property_protection_file = {file_name}
   

   This file contains the rules for property protections and the roles and policies associated with it.

   By default, property protections are not enforced.

   If you specify a file name value and the file is not found, the glance-api service does not start.

   To view a sample configuration file, see glance-api.conf.

4. Optionally, in the glance-api.conf file, specify whether roles or policies are used in the property protections configuration file

   property_protection_rule_format = roles
   

   The default is roles.

   To view a sample configuration file, see glance-api.conf.

Image download: how it works

Prior to starting a virtual machine, transfer the virtual machine image to the compute node from the Image service. How this works can change depending on the settings chosen for the compute node and the Image service.

Typically, the Compute service will use the image identifier passed to it by the scheduler service and request the image from the Image API. Though images are not stored in glance—rather in a back end, which could be Object Storage, a filesystem or any other supported method—the connection is made from the compute node to the Image service and the image is transferred over this connection. The Image service streams the image from the back end to the compute node.

It is possible to set up the Object Storage node on a separate network, and still allow image traffic to flow between the compute and object storage nodes. Configure the my_block_storage_ip option in the storage node configuration file to allow block storage traffic to reach the compute node.

Certain back ends support a more direct method, where on request the Image service will return a URL that links directly to the back-end store. You can download the image using this approach. Currently, the only store to support the direct download approach is the filesystem store. Configured the approach using the filesystems option in the image_file_url section of the nova.conf file on compute nodes.

Compute nodes also implement caching of images, meaning that if an image has been used before it won’t necessarily be downloaded every time. Information on the configuration options for caching on compute nodes can be found in the Configuration Reference.

Instance building blocks

In OpenStack, the base operating system is usually copied from an image stored in the OpenStack Image service. This results in an ephemeral instance that starts from a known template state and loses all accumulated states on shutdown.

You can also put an operating system on a persistent volume in Compute or the Block Storage volume system. This gives a more traditional, persistent system that accumulates states that are preserved across restarts. To get a list of available images on your system, run:

$ glance image-list
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ID                                   | Name                        |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| aee1d242-730f-431f-88c1-87630c0f07ba | Ubuntu 14.04 cloudimg amd64 |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| 0b27baa1-0ca6-49a7-b3f4-48388e440245 | Ubuntu 14.10 cloudimg amd64 |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| df8d56fc-9cea-4dfd-a8d3-28764de3cb08 | jenkins                     |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+

The displayed image attributes are:

ID

Automatically generated or user provided UUID of the image.

Name

Free form, human-readable name for the image.

Virtual hardware templates are called flavors, and are defined by administrators. Prior to the Newton release, a default installation also includes five predefined flavors.

For a list of flavors that are available on your system, run:

$ openstack flavor list
+-----+-----------+-------+------+-----------+-------+-----------+
| ID  | Name      |   RAM | Disk | Ephemeral | VCPUs | Is_Public |
+-----+-----------+-------+------+-----------+-------+-----------+
| 1   | m1.tiny   |   512 |    1 |         0 |     1 | True      |
| 2   | m1.small  |  2048 |   20 |         0 |     1 | True      |
| 3   | m1.medium |  4096 |   40 |         0 |     2 | True      |
| 4   | m1.large  |  8192 |   80 |         0 |     4 | True      |
| 5   | m1.xlarge | 16384 |  160 |         0 |     8 | True      |
+-----+-----------+-------+------+-----------+-------+-----------+

By default, administrative users can configure the flavors. You can change this behavior by redefining the access controls for compute_extension:flavormanage in /etc/nova/policy.json on the compute-api server.

Instance management tools

OpenStack provides command-line, web interface, and API-based instance management tools. Third-party management tools are also available, using either the native API or the provided EC2-compatible API.

The OpenStack python-openstackclient package provides a basic command-line utility, which uses the openstack command. This is available as a native package for most Linux distributions, or you can install the latest version using the pip python package installer:

# pip install python-openstackclient

For more information about python-openstackclient and other command-line tools, see the OpenStack End User Guide.

Latest image management tools can be installed using the pip package manager:

# pip install python-glanceclient

This package provides you the glance for managing all your images.

Control where instances run

The Scheduling section of OpenStack Configuration Reference provides detailed information on controlling where your instances run, including ensuring a set of instances run on different compute nodes for service resiliency or on the same node for high performance inter-instance communications.

Administrative users can specify which compute node their instances run on. To do this, specify the --availability-zone AVAILABILITY_ZONE:COMPUTE_HOST parameter.

Launch instances with UEFI

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a standard firmware designed to replace legacy BIOS. There is a slow but steady trend for operating systems to move to the UEFI format and, in some cases, make it their only format.

To configure UEFI environment

To successfully launch an instance from an UEFI image in QEMU/KVM environment, the administrator has to install the following packages on compute node:

• OVMF, a port of Intel’s tianocore firmware to QEMU virtual machine.

• libvirt, which has been supporting UEFI boot since version 1.2.9.

Because default UEFI loader path is /usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_CODE.fd, the administrator must create one link to this location after UEFI package is installed.

To upload UEFI images

To launch instances from a UEFI image, the administrator first has to upload one UEFI image. To do so, hw_firmware_type property must be set to uefi when the image is created. For example:

$ glance image-create-via-import --container-format bare \
  --disk-format qcow2 --property hw_firmware_type=uefi \
  --file /tmp/cloud-uefi.qcow --name uefi

After that, you can launch instances from this UEFI image.