Appendix E: Container networking¶
OpenStack-Ansible deploys Linux containers (LXC) and uses Linux bridging between the container and the host interfaces to ensure that all traffic from containers flows over multiple host interfaces. This appendix describes how the interfaces are connected and how traffic flows.
For more information about how the OpenStack Networking service (neutron) uses the interfaces for instance traffic, please see the OpenStack Networking Guide.
Bonded network interfaces¶
In a typical production environment, physical network interfaces are combined in bonded pairs for better redundancy and throughput. Avoid using two ports on the same multiport network card for the same bonded interface, because a network card failure affects both of the physical network interfaces used by the bond.
Linux bridges¶
The combination of containers and flexible deployment options requires implementation of advanced Linux networking features, such as bridges and namespaces.
Bridges provide layer 2 connectivity (similar to switches) among physical, logical, and virtual network interfaces within a host. After a bridge is created, the network interfaces are virtually plugged in to it.
OpenStack-Ansible uses bridges to connect physical and logical network interfaces on the host to virtual network interfaces within containers.
Namespaces provide logically separate layer 3 environments (similar to routers) within a host. Namespaces use virtual interfaces to connect with other namespaces, including the host namespace. These interfaces, often called veth pairs, are virtually plugged in between namespaces similar to patch cables connecting physical devices such as switches and routers.
Each container has a namespace that connects to the host namespace with one or more veth pairs. Unless specified, the system generates random names for veth pairs.
The following image demonstrates how the container network interfaces are connected to the host’s bridges and physical network interfaces:
Network diagrams¶
The following diagram shows how all of the interfaces and bridges interconnect to provide network connectivity to the OpenStack deployment:
OpenStack-Ansible deploys the Compute service on the physical host rather than in a container. The following diagram shows how to use bridges for network connectivity:
The following diagram shows how the Networking service (neutron) agents work with the br-vlan and br-vxlan bridges. Neutron is configured to use a DHCP agent, an L3 agent, and a Linux Bridge agent within a networking-agents container. The diagram shows how DHCP agents provide information (IP addresses and DNS servers) to the instances, and how routing works on the image.
The following diagram shows how virtual machines connect to the br-vlan and br-vxlan bridges and send traffic to the network outside the host:
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