..
      Copyright 2011 OpenStack, LLC
      All Rights Reserved.

      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
      not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
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================================
Endpoints and Endpoint Templates
================================

.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 1

What are Endpoints?
-------------------

Simply, endpoints are URLs that point to OpenStack services. When you
authenticate to Keystone you get back a token which has a service catalog in
it. The service catalog is basically a list of the OpenStack services that
you have access to and the URLs you can use to get to them; their endpoints.

Here is an example response from Keystone when you authenticate::

    {
        "access":{
            "token":{
                "id":"ab48a9efdfedb23ty3494",
                "expires":"2010-11-01T03:32:15-05:00",
                "tenant":{
                    "id": "t1000",
                    "name": "My Project"
                }
            },
            "user":{
                "id":"u123",
                "name":"jqsmith",
                "roles":[{
                        "id":"100",
                        "name":"compute:admin"
                    },
                    {
                        "id":"101",
                        "name":"object-store:admin",
                        "tenantId":"t1000"
                    }
                ],
                "roles_links":[]
            },
            "serviceCatalog":[{
                    "name":"Nova",
                    "type":"compute",
                    "endpoints":[{
                            "tenantId":"t1000",
                            "publicURL":"https://compute.north.host.com/v1/t1000",
                            "internalURL":"https://compute.north.internal/v1/t1000",
                            "region":"North",
                            "versionId":"1",
                            "versionInfo":"https://compute.north.host.com/v1/",
                            "versionList":"https://compute.north.host.com/"
                        },
                        {
                            "tenantId":"t1000",
                            "publicURL":"https://compute.north.host.com/v1.1/t1000",
                            "internalURL":"https://compute.north.internal/v1.1/t1000",
                            "region":"North",
                            "versionId":"1.1",
                            "versionInfo":"https://compute.north.host.com/v1.1/",
                            "versionList":"https://compute.north.host.com/"
                        }
                    ],
                    "endpoints_links":[]
                },
                {
                    "name":"Swift",
                    "type":"object-store",
                    "endpoints":[{
                            "tenantId":"t1000",
                            "publicURL":"https://storage.north.host.com/v1/t1000",
                            "internalURL":"https://storage.north.internal/v1/t1000",
                            "region":"North",
                            "versionId":"1",
                            "versionInfo":"https://storage.north.host.com/v1/",
                            "versionList":"https://storage.north.host.com/"
                        },
                        {
                            "tenantId":"t1000",
                            "publicURL":"https://storage.south.host.com/v1/t1000",
                            "internalURL":"https://storage.south.internal/v1/t1000",
                            "region":"South",
                            "versionId":"1",
                            "versionInfo":"https://storage.south.host.com/v1/",
                            "versionList":"https://storage.south.host.com/"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "name":"DNS-as-a-Service",
                    "type":"dnsextension:dns",
                    "endpoints":[{
                            "tenantId":"t1000",
                            "publicURL":"https://dns.host.com/v2.0/t1000",
                            "versionId":"2.0",
                            "versionInfo":"https://dns.host.com/v2.0/",
                            "versionList":"https://dns.host.com/"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    }

Note the following about this response:

#. There are two endpoints given to the Nova compute service. The only
   difference between them is the version (1.0 vs. 1.1). This allows for code
   written to look for the version 1.0 endpoint to still work even after the 1.1
   version is released.

#. There are two endpoints for the Swift object-store service. The difference
   between them is they are in different regions (North and South).

#. Note the DNS service is global; it does not have a Region. Also, since DNS
   is not a core OpenStack service, the endpoint type is "dnsextension:dns"
   showing it is coming from an extension to the Keystone service.

#. The Region, Tenant, and versionId are listed under the endpoint. You do not
   (and should not) have to parse those out of the URL. In fact, they may not be
   embedded in the URL if the service developer so chooses.


What do the fields in an Endpoint mean?
---------------------------------------

The schema definition for an endpoint is in endpoints.xsd under
keystone/content/common/xsd in the Keystone code repo. The fields are:

id
    A unique ID for the endpoint.

type
    The OpenStack-registered type (ex. 'compute', 'object-store', 'image service')
    This can also be extended using the OpenStack Extension mechanism to support
    non-core services. Extended services will be in the form ``extension:type``
    (e.g. ``dnsextension:dns``)

name
    This can be anything that the operator of OpenStack chooses. It could be a
    brand or marketing name (ex. Rackspace Cloud Servers).

region
    This is a string that identifies the region where this endpoint exists.
    Examples are 'North America', 'Europe', 'Asia'. Or 'North' and 'South'. Or
    'Data Center 1', 'Data Center 2'.
    The list of regions and what a region means is decided by the operator. The
    spec treats them as opaque strings.

publicURL
    This is the URL to use to access that endpoint over the internet.

internalURL
    This is the URL to use to communicate between services. This is genenrally
    a way to communicate between services over a high bandwidth, low latency,
    unmetered (free, no bandwidth charges) network. An example would be if you
    want to access a swift cluster from inside your Nova VMs and want to make
    sure the communication stays local and does not go over a public network
    and rack up your bandwidth charges.

adminURL
    This is the URL to use to administer the service. In Keystone, this URL
    is only shown to users with the appropriate rights.

tenantId
    If an endpoint is specific to a tenant, the tenantId field identifies the
    tenant that URL applies to. Some operators include the tenant in the
    URLs for a service, while others may provide one endpoint and use some
    other mechanism to identify the tenant. This field is therefore optional.
    Having this field also means you do not have to parse the URL to identify
    a tenant if the operator includes it in the URL.

versionId
    This identifies the version of the API contract that endpoint supports.
    While many APIs include the version in the URL (ex: https://compute.host/v1),
    this field allows you to identify the version without parsing the URL. It
    therefore also allows operators and service developers to publish endpoints
    that do not have versions embedded in the URL.

versionInfo
    This is the URL to call to get some information on the version. This returns
    information in this format::

        {
        "version": {
          "id": "v2.0",
          "status": "CURRENT",
          "updated": "2011-01-21T11:33:21-06:00",
          "links": [
            {
              "rel": "self",
              "href": "http://identity.api.openstack.org/v2.0/"
            }, {
              "rel": "describedby",
              "type": "application/pdf",
              "href": "http://docs.openstack.org/identity/api/v2.0/identity-latest.pdf"
            }, {
              "rel": "describedby",
              "type": "application/vnd.sun.wadl+xml",
              "href": "http://docs.openstack.org/identity/api/v2.0/identity.wadl"
            }
          ],
            "media-types": [
              {
                "base": "application/xml",
                "type": "application/vnd.openstack.identity+xml;version=2.0"
              }, {
                "base": "application/json",
                "type": "application/vnd.openstack.identity+json;version=2.0"
              }
            ]
          }
        }

versionList

    This is the URL to call to find out which versions are supported at that
    endpoint. The response is in this format::

        {
            "versions":[{
                    "id":"v1.0",
                    "status":"DEPRECATED",
                    "updated":"2009-10-09T11:30:00Z",
                    "links":[{
                            "rel":"self",
                            "href":"http://identity.api.openstack.org/v1.0/"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "id":"v1.1",
                    "status":"CURRENT",
                    "updated":"2010-12-12T18:30:02.25Z",
                    "links":[{
                            "rel":"self",
                            "href":"http://identity.api.openstack.org/v1.1/"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "id":"v2.0",
                    "status":"BETA",
                    "updated":"2011-05-27T20:22:02.25Z",
                    "links":[{
                            "rel":"self",
                            "href":"http://identity.api.openstack.org/v2.0/"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "versions_links":[]
        }

    Here, the response shows that the endpoint supports version 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0.
    It also shows that 1.0 is in DEPRECTAED status and 2.0 is in BETA.

What are Endpoint Templates?
----------------------------

Endpoint Templates are a way for an administrator to manage endpoints en masse.
They provide a way to define Endpoints that apply to many or all tenants
without having to a create each endpoint on each tenant manually. Without
Endpoint Templates, if I wanted to create Endpoints for each tenant in my
OpenStack deployment, I'd have to manually create a bunch of endpoints on
each tenant (probably when I created the tenant). And then I'd have to go change
them all whenever a service changed versions or I added a new service.

To provide a simpler mechanism to manage endpoints on tenants, Keystone uses
Endpoint Templates. I can, for example, define a template with parametrized URLs
and set it's `global` to true and that will show up as an endpoint on all the tenants
I have. Here is an example:

Define a global Endpoint Template::

    $ ./keystone-manage endpointTemplates add North nova https://compute.north.example.com/v1/%tenant_id%/ https://compute.north.example.corp/v1/ https://compute.north.example.local/v1/%tenant_id%/ 1 1

    The arguments are: object_type action 'region' 'service_name' 'publicURL' 'adminURL' 'internalURL' 'enabled' 'global'

This creates a global endpoint (global means it gets applied to all tenants automatically).

Now, when a user authenticates, they get that endpoint in their service catalog. Here's an example
authentication request for use against tenant 1::

    $ curl -H "Content-type: application/json" -d '{"auth":{"passwordCredentials":{"username":"joeuser","password":"secrete"}, "tenantId": "1"}}' http://localhost:5000/v2.0/tokens

The response is::

    {
        "access": {
            "serviceCatalog": [
                {
                    "endpoints": [
                        {
                            "internalURL": "https://compute.north.example.local",
                            "publicURL": "https://compute.north.example.com/v1/1/",
                            "region": "North"
                        }
                    ],
                    "name": "nova",
                    "type": "compute"
                }
            ],
            "token": {
                "expires": "2012-02-05T00:00:00",
                "id": "887665443383838",
                "tenant": {
                    "id": "1",
                    "name": "customer-x"
                }
            },
            "user": {
                "id": "1",
                "name": "joeuser",
                "roles": [
                    {
                        "id": "3",
                        "name": "Member",
                        "tenantId": "1"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    }

Notice the adminURL is not showing (this user is a regular user and does not
have rights to see the adminURL) and the tenant ID has been substituted in the
URL::

    "publicURL": "https://compute.north.example.com/v1/1/",

This endpoint will show up for all tenants. The OpenStack administrator does
not need to create the endpoint manually.

.. note:: Endpoint Templates are not part of the core Keystone API (but Endpoints are).


What parameters can I use in a Template URL
-------------------------------------------

Currently the only parameterization available is %tenant_id% which gets
substituted by the Tenant ID.


Endpoint Template Types: Global or not
--------------------------------------

When the global flag is set to true on an Endpoint Template, it means it should
be available to all tenants. Whenever someone authenticates to a tenant, they
will see the Endpoint generated by that template.

When the global flag is not set, the template only shows up when it is added to
a tenant manually. To add an endpoint to a tenant manually, you must create
the Endpoint and supply the Endpoint Template ID:

Create the Endpoint Template::

    $ ./keystone-manage endpointTemplates add West nova https://compute.west.example.com/v1/%tenant_id%/ https://compute.west.example.corp https://compute.west.example.local 1 0

    Note the 0 at the end - this Endpoint Template is not global. So it will not show up for users authenticating.

Find the Endpoint Template ID::

    $ ./keystone-manage endpointTemplates list

    All EndpointTemplates
    id    service    type    region    enabled    is_global    Public URL    Admin URL
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    15    nova    compute    North    True    True    https://compute.north.example.com/v1/%tenant_id%/    https://compute.north.example.corp
    16    nova    compute    West    True    False    https://compute.west.example.com/v1/%tenant_id%/    https://compute.west.example.corp

Add the Endpoint to the tenant::

    $ ./keystone-manage endpoint add customer-x 16

Now, when the user authenticates, they get the endpoint::

    {
        "internalURL": "https://compute.west.example.local",
        "publicURL": "https://compute.west.example.com/v1/1/",
        "region": "West"
    }

Who can see the AdminURL?
-------------------------

Users who have the Keystone `Admin` or `Service Admin` roles will see the
AdminURL when they authenticate or when they retrieve token information:

Using an administrator token to authenticate, GET a client token's endpoints::

    $ curl -H "X-Auth-Token: 999888777666" http://localhost:35357/v2.0/tokens/887665443383838/endpoints

    {
        "endpoints": [
            {
                "adminURL": "https://compute.west.example.corp",
                "id": 6,
                "internalURL": "https://compute.west.example.local",
                "name": "nova",
                "publicURL": "https://compute.west.example.com/v1/1/",
                "region": "West",
                "tenantId": 1,
                "type": "compute"
            }
        ],
        "endpoints_links": [
            {
                "href": "http://127.0.0.1:35357/tokens/887665443383838/endpoints?marker=6&limit=10", 
                "rel": "next"
            }
        ]
    }
