Configuring Network Boot¶

Ironic’s primary means of booting hardware to perform actions or work on a baremetal node is to perform network booting. Traditionally, this has meant the use of Preboot Execution Environment, or PXE. This support and and functionality has evolve as time has gone on to include support for not just the pxe boot_interface in concert with hardware vendor specific variations, but also a distinct ipxe setting for boot_interface with default values to enable use of iPXE.

As time passed, http and http-ipxe values were also added as valid boot_interface options which may be used, which are functionally identical in behavior to pxe and ipxe, except HTTP is used as the transport mechanism. Not all hardware supports HTTPBoot, as it is often referred.

Note

Support for HTTPBoot interfaces was added during the 2024.1 development cycle. Prior versions of Ironic does not contain the http and http-ipxe boot interfaces.

DHCP server setup¶

A DHCP server is required for network boot clients. You need to follow steps below.

Set the [dhcp]/dhcp_provider to neutron in the Bare Metal Service’s configuration file (/etc/ironic/ironic.conf):

Note

Refer Configure tenant networks for details. The dhcp_provider configuration is already set by the configuration defaults, and when you create subnet, DHCP is also enabled if you do not add any dhcp options at “openstack subnet create” command.
Enable DHCP in the subnet of provisioning network to be used for network boot (PXE, iPXE, HTTPBoot) operations.
Set the ip address range in the subnet for DHCP.

Note

Refer Configure the Networking service for bare metal provisioning for details about the two precedent steps.
Connect the openstack DHCP agent to the external network through the OVS bridges and the interface eth2.

Note

Refer Configure the Networking service for bare metal provisioning for details. You do not require this part if br-int, br-eth2 and eth2 are already connected.
Configure the host ip at br-eth2. If it locates at eth2, do below:
```
ip addr del 192.168.2.10/24 dev eth2
ip addr add 192.168.2.10/24 dev br-eth2
```
Note

Replace eth2 with the interface on the network node which you are using to connect to the Bare Metal service.

TFTP server setup¶

In order to deploy instances via PXE, a TFTP server needs to be set up on the Bare Metal service nodes which run the ironic-conductor.

Make sure the tftp root directory exist and can be written to by the user the ironic-conductor is running as. For example:
```
sudo mkdir -p /tftpboot
sudo chown -R ironic /tftpboot
```

Install tftp server:

Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install xinetd tftpd-hpa

RHEL8/CentOS8/Fedora:

sudo dnf install tftp-server xinetd

SUSE:

sudo zypper install tftp xinetd

Using xinetd to provide a tftp server setup to serve /tftpboot. Create or edit /etc/xinetd.d/tftp as below:

service tftp
{
  protocol        = udp
  port            = 69
  socket_type     = dgram
  wait            = yes
  user            = root
  server          = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
  server_args     = -v -v -v -v -v --map-file /tftpboot/map-file /tftpboot
  disable         = no
  # This is a workaround for Fedora, where TFTP will listen only on
  # IPv6 endpoint, if IPv4 flag is not used.
  flags           = IPv4
}

and restart the xinetd service:

Ubuntu:

sudo service xinetd restart

Fedora/RHEL8/CentOS8/SUSE:

sudo systemctl restart xinetd

Note

In certain environments the network’s MTU may cause TFTP UDP packets to get fragmented. Certain PXE firmwares struggle to reconstruct the fragmented packets which can cause significant slow down or even prevent the server from PXE booting. In order to avoid this, TFTPd provides an option to limit the packet size so that it they do not get fragmented. To set this additional option in the server_args above:

--blocksize <MAX MTU minus 32>

Create a map file in the tftp boot directory (/tftpboot):

echo 're ^(/tftpboot/) /tftpboot/\2' > /tftpboot/map-file
echo 're ^/tftpboot/ /tftpboot/' >> /tftpboot/map-file
echo 're ^(^/) /tftpboot/\1' >> /tftpboot/map-file
echo 're ^([^/]) /tftpboot/\1' >> /tftpboot/map-file

UEFI PXE - Grub setup¶

In order to deploy instances with PXE on bare metal nodes which support UEFI, perform these additional steps on the ironic conductor node to configure the PXE UEFI environment.

Note

Most commercial Linux distributions have signed shim and grub binaries, which are required for Secure Boot.

Install Grub2 and shim packages:

Ubuntu (18.04LTS and later):

sudo apt-get install grub-efi-amd64-signed shim-signed

RHEL8/CentOS8/Fedora:

sudo dnf install grub2-efi shim

SUSE:

sudo zypper install grub2-x86_64-efi shim

Copy grub and shim boot loader images to /tftpboot directory:

Ubuntu (18.04LTS and later):

sudo cp /usr/lib/shim/shimx64.efi.signed /tftpboot/bootx64.efi
sudo cp /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi-signed/grubnetx64.efi.signed /tftpboot/grubx64.efi

Fedora:

sudo cp /boot/efi/EFI/fedora/shim.efi /tftpboot/bootx64.efi
sudo cp /boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grubx64.efi /tftpboot/grubx64.efi

RHEL8/CentOS8:

sudo cp /boot/efi/EFI/centos/shim.efi /tftpboot/bootx64.efi
sudo cp /boot/efi/EFI/centos/grubx64.efi /tftpboot/grubx64.efi

SUSE:

sudo cp /usr/lib64/efi/shim.efi /tftpboot/bootx64.efi
sudo cp /usr/lib/grub2/x86_64-efi/grub.efi /tftpboot/grubx64.efi

Update the bare metal node with boot_mode:uefi capability in node’s properties field. See Boot mode support for details.
Make sure that bare metal node is configured to boot in UEFI boot mode and boot device is set to network/pxe.

Note

Some drivers, e.g. ilo, irmc and redfish, support automatic setting of the boot mode during deployment. This step is not required for them. Please check Drivers, Hardware Types and Hardware Interfaces for Ironic for information on whether your driver requires manual UEFI configuration.

iPXE setup¶

If you will be using iPXE to boot instead of PXE, iPXE needs to be set up on the Bare Metal service node(s) where ironic-conductor is running.

Make sure these directories exist and can be written to by the user the ironic-conductor is running as. For example:

sudo mkdir -p /tftpboot
sudo mkdir -p /httpboot
sudo chown -R ironic /tftpboot
sudo chown -R ironic /httpboot

Create a map file in the tftp boot directory (/tftpboot):

echo 'r ^([^/]) /tftpboot/\1' > /tftpboot/map-file
echo 'r ^(/tftpboot/) /tftpboot/\2' >> /tftpboot/map-file

Set up TFTP and HTTP servers.

These servers should be running and configured to use the local /tftpboot and /httpboot directories respectively, as their root directories. (Setting up these servers is outside the scope of this install guide.)

These root directories need to be mounted locally to the ironic-conductor services, so that the services can access them.

The Bare Metal service’s configuration file (/etc/ironic/ironic.conf) should be edited accordingly to specify the TFTP and HTTP root directories and server addresses. For example:
```
[pxe]

# Ironic compute node's tftp root path. (string value)
tftp_root=/tftpboot

# IP address of Ironic compute node's tftp server. (string
# value)
tftp_server=192.168.0.2

[deploy]
# Ironic compute node's http root path. (string value)
http_root=/httpboot

# Ironic compute node's HTTP server URL. Example:
# http://192.1.2.3:8080 (string value)
http_url=http://192.168.0.2:8080
```
See also: Deploying outside of the provisioning network.
Install the iPXE package with the boot images:

Ubuntu:
```
apt-get install ipxe
```
RHEL8/CentOS8/Fedora:
```
dnf install ipxe-bootimgs
```
Note

SUSE does not provide a package containing iPXE boot images. If you are using SUSE or if the packaged version of the iPXE boot image doesn’t work, you can download a prebuilt one from http://boot.ipxe.org or build one image from source, see http://ipxe.org/download for more information.

Note

The Ironic project is unaware of any vendor signed iPXE binaries to enable use of iPXE with Secure Boot, unless you have implemented your own Secure Boot key signing and support for the Machine Owner Key settings on individual baremetal nodes.

Copy the iPXE boot image (undionly.kpxe for BIOS and ipxe.efi for UEFI) to /tftpboot. The binary might be found at:

Ubuntu:
```
cp /usr/lib/ipxe/{undionly.kpxe,ipxe.efi,snponly.efi} /tftpboot
```
Fedora/RHEL8/CentOS8:
```
cp /usr/share/ipxe/{undionly.kpxe,ipxe-x86_64.efi,ipxe-snponly-x86_64.efi} /tftpboot
```
Note

snponly variants may not be available for all distributions.
Enable/Configure iPXE overrides in the Bare Metal Service’s configuration file if required (/etc/ironic/ironic.conf):
```
[pxe]

# Neutron bootfile DHCP parameter. (string value)
ipxe_bootfile_name=undionly.kpxe

# Bootfile DHCP parameter for UEFI boot mode. (string value)
uefi_ipxe_bootfile_name=ipxe.efi

# Template file for PXE configuration. (string value)
ipxe_config_template=$pybasedir/drivers/modules/ipxe_config.template
```
Note

Most UEFI systems have integrated networking which means the pxe.uefi_ipxe_bootfile_name setting should be set to snponly.efi or ipxe-snponly-x86_64.efi if it’s available for your distribution.

Note

Setting the iPXE parameters noted in the code block above to no value, in other words setting a line to something like ipxe_bootfile_name= will result in ironic falling back to the default values of the non-iPXE PXE settings. This is for backwards compatibility.
Ensure iPXE is the default PXE, if applicable.

In earlier versions of ironic, a now deprecated and removed [pxe]ipxe_enabled setting allowed operators to declare the behavior of the conductor to exclusively operate as if only iPXE was to be used. As time moved on, iPXE functionality was moved to it’s own ipxe boot interface.

If you want to emulate that same behavior, set the following in the configuration file (/etc/ironic/ironic.conf):
```
[DEFAULT]
default_boot_interface=ipxe
enabled_boot_interfaces=ipxe,pxe
```
Note

The DEFAULT.enabled_boot_interfaces setting may be exclusively set to ipxe, however ironic has multiple interfaces available depending on the hardware types available for use.
It is possible to configure the Bare Metal service in such a way that nodes will boot into the deploy image directly from Object Storage. Doing this avoids having to cache the images on the ironic-conductor host and serving them via the ironic-conductor’s HTTP server. This can be done if:
1. the Image Service is used for image storage;
2. the images in the Image Service are internally stored in Object Storage;
3. the Object Storage supports generating temporary URLs for accessing objects stored in it. Both the OpenStack Swift and RADOS Gateway provide support for this.
  - See Ceph Object Gateway support on how to configure the Bare Metal Service with RADOS Gateway as the Object Storage.
Configure this by setting the [pxe]/ipxe_use_swift configuration option to True as follows:
```
[pxe]

# Download deploy images directly from swift using temporary
# URLs. If set to false (default), images are downloaded to
# the ironic-conductor node and served over its local HTTP
# server. Applicable only when 'ipxe_enabled' option is set to
# true. (boolean value)
ipxe_use_swift=True
```
Although the HTTP server still has to be deployed and configured (as it will serve iPXE boot script and boot configuration files for nodes), such configuration will shift some load from ironic-conductor hosts to the Object Storage service which can be scaled horizontally.

Note that when SSL is enabled on the Object Storage service you have to ensure that iPXE firmware on the nodes can indeed boot from generated temporary URLs that use HTTPS protocol.

Restart the ironic-conductor process:

Fedora/RHEL8/CentOS8/SUSE:

sudo systemctl restart openstack-ironic-conductor

Ubuntu:

sudo service ironic-conductor restart

PXE multi-architecture setup¶

It is possible to deploy servers of different architecture by one conductor. To use this feature, architecture-specific boot and template files must be configured using the configuration options pxe.pxe_bootfile_name_by_arch and pxe.pxe_config_template_by_arch respectively, in the Bare Metal service’s configuration file (/etc/ironic/ironic.conf).

These two options are dictionary values; the key is the architecture and the value is the boot (or config template) file. A node’s cpu_arch property is used as the key to get the appropriate boot file and template file. If the node’s cpu_arch is not in the dictionary, the configuration options (in [pxe] group) pxe_bootfile_name, pxe_config_template, uefi_pxe_bootfile_name and uefi_pxe_config_template will be used instead.

In the following example, since ‘x86’ and ‘x86_64’ keys are not in the pxe_bootfile_name_by_arch or pxe_config_template_by_arch options, x86 and x86_64 nodes will be deployed by ‘undionly.kpxe’ or ‘bootx64.efi’, depending on the node’s boot_mode capability (‘bios’ or ‘uefi’). However, aarch64 nodes will be deployed by ‘grubaa64.efi’, and ppc64 nodes by ‘bootppc64’:

[pxe]

# Bootfile DHCP parameter. (string value)
pxe_bootfile_name=undionly.kpxe

# On ironic-conductor node, template file for PXE
# configuration. (string value)
pxe_config_template = $pybasedir/drivers/modules/ipxe_config.template

# Bootfile DHCP parameter for UEFI boot mode. (string value)
uefi_pxe_bootfile_name=bootx64.efi

# On ironic-conductor node, template file for PXE
# configuration for UEFI boot loader. (string value)
uefi_pxe_config_template=$pybasedir/drivers/modules/pxe_grub_config.template

# Bootfile DHCP parameter per node architecture. (dict value)
pxe_bootfile_name_by_arch=aarch64:grubaa64.efi,ppc64:bootppc64

# On ironic-conductor node, template file for PXE
# configuration per node architecture. For example:
# aarch64:/opt/share/grubaa64_pxe_config.template (dict value)
pxe_config_template_by_arch=aarch64:pxe_grubaa64_config.template,ppc64:pxe_ppc64_config.template

Note

The grub implementation may vary on different architecture, you may need to tweak the pxe config template for a specific arch. For example, grubaa64.efi shipped with CentoOS7 does not support linuxefi and initrdefi commands, you’ll need to switch to use linux and initrd command instead.

Note

A pxe.ipxe_bootfile_name_by_arch setting is available for multi-arch iPXE based deployment, and defaults to the same behavior as the comperable pxe.pxe_bootfile_name_by_arch setting for standard PXE.

Note

When booting PowerPC based machines, the firmware loader directly boots a kernel and ramdisk. It explicitly reads a “pxelinux” style template, and then directly retrieves the files defined in the file without a “network boot program”.

PXE timeouts tuning¶

Because of its reliance on UDP-based protocols (DHCP and TFTP), PXE is particularly vulnerable to random failures during the booting stage. If the deployment ramdisk never calls back to the bare metal conductor, the build will be aborted, and the node will be moved to the deploy failed state, after the deploy callback timeout. This timeout can be changed via the conductor.deploy_callback_timeout configuration option.

Starting with the Train release, the Bare Metal service can retry PXE boot if it takes too long. The timeout is defined via pxe.boot_retry_timeout and must be smaller than the deploy_callback_timeout, otherwise it will have no effect.

For example, the following configuration sets the overall timeout to 60 minutes, allowing two retries after 20 minutes:

[conductor]
deploy_callback_timeout = 3600

[pxe]
boot_retry_timeout = 1200

PXE artifacts¶

Ironic features the capability to load PXE artifacts into the conductor startup, minimizing the need for external installation and configuration management tooling from having to do additional work to facilitate.

While this is an advanced feature, and destination file names must match existing bootloader configured filenames.

For example, if using iPXE and GRUB across interfaces, you may desire a configuration similar to this example.

[pxe]
loader_file_paths = ipxe.efi:/usr/share/ipxe/ipxe-snponly-x86_64.efi,undionly.kpxe:/usr/share/ipxe/undionly.kpxe,bootx64.efi,/boot/efi/EFI/boot/grubx64.efi,bootx64.efi:/boot/efi/EFI/boot/BOOTX64.EFI

If you choose to use relative paths as part of your destination, those paths will be created using configuration parameter pxe.dir_permission where as actual files copied are set with the configuration parameter pxe.file_permission. Absolute destination paths are not supported and will result in ironic failing to start up as it is a misconfiguration of the deployment.

Configuring unmanaged in-band inspection¶

This section must be followed if you intend to use Unmanaged inspection without ironic-inspector. For ironic-inspector support, check its installation guide.

With PXE¶

After you followed TFTP Server Setup, you need to create the default PXE configuration. Populate /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default with the following contents:

default introspect

label introspect
kernel ironic-python-agent.kernel
append initrd=ironic-python-agent.initramfs ipa-inspection-callback-url=http://{IP}:6385/v1/continue_inspection systemd.journald.forward_to_console=yes

ipappend 3

Instead of http://{IP}:6385/v1/continue_inspection, insert the correct Bare Metal API endpoint, keeping the mandatory /v1/continue_inspection suffix. You may also populate other IPA options (e.g. ipa-debug=1 for detailed logging, ipa-inspection-collectors to customize the inspection process, or ipa-api-url to enable Fast-Track Deployment).

Second, you need to configure DHCP for unknown hosts since the OpenStack Networking service won’t be able to handle them. For instance, you can install dnsmasq and use the following /etc/dnsmasq.conf:

port=0
interface={INTERFACE}
bind-interfaces
dhcp-range={DHCP IP RANGE, e.g. 192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150}
enable-tftp
tftp-root=/tftpboot
dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0
dhcp-sequential-ip

If you need this dnsmasq instance to co-exist with the OpenStack Networking service, some measures must be taken to prevent them from clashing over DHCP requests. One way to do it is to physically separate the inspection network. Another - to configure the PXE filter service.

Finally, build or download IPA images into /tftpboot/ironic-python-agent.kernel and /tftpboot/ironic-python-agent.initramfs. These can be the same images that you use for deployment and cleaning.

With iPXE¶

iPXE configuration is pretty similar to PXE above, but differs in details. Start with iPXE Setup, then create a new file /httpboot/inspection.ipxe with the following contents:

#!ipxe

:retry_dhcp
dhcp || goto retry_dhcp

:retry_boot
imgfree
kernel --timeout 30000 http://{IP}:8080/ironic-python-agent.kernel ipa-inspection-callback-url=http://{IP}:6385/v1/continue_inspection systemd.journald.forward_to_console=yes BOOTIF=${mac} initrd=ironic-python-agent.initramfs || goto retry_boot
initrd --timeout 30000 http://{IP}:8080/ironic-python-agent.initramfs || goto retry_boot
boot

Just as with PXE, adjust ipa-inspection-callback-url to match your deployment and add any required IPA options. You also need to fix {IP}:8080 to match the iPXE server you configured previously.

The DHCP configuration is much more complex. Since most hardware does not have an up-to-date iPXE firmware, you need to bootstrap it from TFTP. The dnsmasq configuration may look roughly like this:

port=0
interface={INTERFACE}
bind-interfaces
dhcp-range={DHCP IP RANGE, e.g. 192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150}
enable-tftp
tftp-root=/tftpboot
dhcp-sequential-ip
dhcp-match=ipxe,175
dhcp-match=set:efi,option:client-arch,7
dhcp-match=set:efi,option:client-arch,9
dhcp-match=set:efi,option:client-arch,11
# dhcpv6.option: Client System Architecture Type (61)
dhcp-match=set:efi6,option6:61,0007
dhcp-match=set:efi6,option6:61,0009
dhcp-match=set:efi6,option6:61,0011
dhcp-userclass=set:ipxe6,iPXE
# Client is already running iPXE; move to next stage of chainloading
dhcp-boot=tag:ipxe,http://{IP}:8080/inspection.ipxe
# Client is PXE booting over EFI without iPXE ROM,
# send EFI version of iPXE chainloader
dhcp-boot=tag:efi,tag:!ipxe,ipxe.efi
dhcp-option=tag:efi6,tag:!ipxe6,option6:bootfile-url,tftp://{IP}/ipxe.efi
# Client is running PXE over BIOS; send BIOS version of iPXE chainloader
dhcp-boot=undionly.kpxe,localhost.localdomain,{IP}

Note

It’s not trivial to write such a configuration from scratch. In addition to this document, you may take some inspiration from Bifrost and Metal3.

Finally, put ironic-python-agent.kernel and ironic-python-agent.initramfs to /httpboot.

HTTPBoot¶

HTTPBoot interfaces in Ironic are built upon the underlying network boot substrate. This means much of the configuration in the [pxe] and [deploy] impacts the use of HTTPBoot, except when Ironic is setting DHCP parameters, it populates a HTTP(S) URL to the DHCP server, which is then transmitted to the client attempting to Network Boot. In large part, this is because HTTPBoot is an evolution of PXE Boot technique and technology.

This means a TFTP server is not required, but the HTTP server is required as if you are utilizing iPXE. This is largely because iPXE has traditionally been leveraged by Operators to limit the TFTP packets being transmitted via UDP across a network.

One aspect to keep in mind, is HTTPBoot is relatively new when compared to PXE boot, and not all bootloaders may support HTTPBoot, as the underlying UEFI standard upon which it was largely based, UEFI v2.5, was published in 2015.

Ironic contains two distinct flavors of HTTPBoot, largely based upon what configuration defaults are used in terms of boot loader, templates, and overall mechanism style.

http is the boot interface based upon the pxe boot interface. This is the interface you would want to use if you had, for example, a signed GRUB2 bootloader chain to utilize. In this case it is up to the boot loader to understand how to extract and run with the URL, and then retrieves any additional configuration loader files and configuration templates created on disk.
http-ipxe is the boot interface based upon the ipxe boot interface. This interface signals to the client to utilize the configured iPXE loader binary over HTTP, and then the boot sequence proceeds with the pattern and capabilities of iPXE.

To enable the boot interfaces, you will need to add them to your DEFAULT.enabled_boot_interfaces configuration entry.

[DEFAULT]
enabled_boot_interfaces=ipxe,http-ipxe,pxe,http

Configuring Network Boot

Configuring Network Boot¶

DHCP server setup¶

TFTP server setup¶

UEFI PXE - Grub setup¶

iPXE setup¶

PXE multi-architecture setup¶

PXE timeouts tuning¶

PXE artifacts¶

Configuring unmanaged in-band inspection¶

With PXE¶

With iPXE¶

HTTPBoot¶

ironic 27.0.1.dev41

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